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1 - Vol 25, No 1, 2022
- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(1):57–65; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2752657
- Near Infrared Laser Photobiomodulation of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
- Mohammd Ayyoub RIGI-LADEZ, Seyedeh Sareh HENDI, Alireza MIRZAEI, Leila GHOLAMI, Reza FEKRAZAD
- Objective: To determine the effect of different energy densities of near infrared diode lasers with wavelengths of 810 or 940 nm on the proliferation and survival of periodontal ligament derived stem cells (PDLSCs).
  Methods: After isolation and characterisation, PDLSCs were cultured in clear 96-well plates. Each well was irradiated by either 810 nm (L1) or 940 nm (L2) lasers, with energy densities of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 J/cm2 and an output power of 100 mW. A non-irradiated well was used as a control. Cellular viability was measured 24 hours after irradiation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and proliferation was measured 24, 48 and 72 hours after irradiation using trypan blue staining and counting. Propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to identify any pyknotic nuclei or nuclear fragmentation 72 hours after irradiation
  Results: An increase in viability was observed only in the group with the 940 nm laser irradiation at energy density of 2.5 J/cm2 (P < 0.001). The proliferation of cells was significantly increased in the group with 940 nm laser irradiation at energy density of 2.5 J/cm2 at all the time points examined in comparison to other groups (P < 0.001). PI staining showed no change in cell nuclei in any of the groups.
  Conclusion: Irradiation of PDLSCs with a 940 nm laser at an energy density of 2.5 J/cm2 could promote efficient cell proliferation.
  
  Key words: periodontal ligament, photobiomodulation, stem cells
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(1):45–55; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2752683
- Relationship between Presence of Third Molars and Prevalence of Periodontal Pathology of Adjacent Second Molars: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- Yang YANG, Yi TIAN, Li Juan SUN, Hong Lei QU, Fa Ming CHEN
- Objective: To estimate the mean prevalence of periodontal pathology of adjacent second molars (A-M2s) to third molars (M3s) and identify related confounding factors.
  Methods: Studies published before August 2020 were systematically searched in the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases. We included cross-sectional studies that evaluated the periodontal pathology of A-M2s based on clinical or radiographic examinations at the molar level. Studies employing similar periodontal parameters were pooled. Clinical attachment loss ≥ 3 mm, alveolar bone loss ≥ 3 mm or ≥ 20% root length were defined as early periodontal defects, and at least one site with probing depth ≥ 5 mm was considered as deep periodontal pockets around A-M2s in the data synthesis.
  Results: Nine studies (14,749 M3s) were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. On average, 19% of A-M2s showed distal early periodontal defects with the presence of M3s (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9%–35%). Subgroup analyses suggested the prevalence was 32% (95% CI 16%–54%) in the mandible, and the prevalence was higher with nonimpacted M3s (25%, 95% CI 12%–47%) than with impacted M3s (19%, 95% CI 10%–35%). Additionally, the pooled prevalence for deep periodontal pockets around A-M2s was 52% (95% CI 39%–64%). Subgroup analyses suggested the prevalence was higher in the mandible (62%, 95% CI 45%–76%) than in the maxilla (43%, 95% CI 31%–56%), and for nonimpacted M3s the prevalence reached 50% (95% CI 36%–64%).
  Conclusion: The presence of M3s, especially mandibular and nonimpacted M3s, negatively affects the periodontal status of A-M2s.
  
  Key words: meta-analysis, periodontal pathology, prevalence, second molars, third molars
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(1):37–43; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2752689
- Accuracy of Mandibular Reconstruction with a Vascularised Iliac Flap Using 3D Templates: a Systematic Review
- Ting Wei LU, Wan Tao CHEN, Tong JI
- Objective: To conduct a systemic review for guidance regarding the application of templates in mandibular reconstruction with vascularised iliac flaps.
  Methods: By searching PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library and collecting relevant literature, information about the types and accuracy of templates was extracted. Data relating to surgical time were also included for further analysis.
  Results: Eight studies were included. The data analysis showed that the accuracy of operations with templates was higher than that of conventional surgery. The mean deviation was between 0.70 and 3.72 mm. The operational time was shortened to 314.4 minutes and the graft ischemic time was reduced to 15.6 to 26.8 minutes. Application of functional or specifically designed templates can improve the accuracy and shorten surgical time.
  Conclusion: Templates can increase the accuracy and efficiency of mandibular reconstruction with vascularised iliac flaps, which will benefit patients’ prognosis and subsequent functional restoration. Further studies should be conducted into application of templates to improve the accuracy of reconstructions.
  
  Key words: mandible reconstruction, template, vascularised iliac flap, virtual surgery
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(1):21–27; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2752691
- Exploration of Genetic Variants of Non-syndromic Cleft Lip with or without Palate and Underlying Mechanisms
- Yong Chu PAN, Lan MA, Shu LOU, Gui Rong ZHU, Xin YU, Lin WANG
- Non-syndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is one of the most common birth defects in humans with an overall prevalence of one per 1000 live births. Due to genetic and environmental influences, the fusion of the lips or palate may be interrupted at any stage and cause a cleft. Over decades, dozens of susceptible genes and loci have been identified using multiple genetic approaches. Our group has collected samples of NSCL/P patients since 2008 and established the biobank. We discovered numerous susceptible loci related to the occurrence of NSCL/P in the Chinese population, such as 16p13.3, 1q32.2, 10q25.3 and 17p13.1. In addition, we performed functional studies on related loci and genes by using molecular biology, cell biology, animal models and other methods to provide a basis for the construction of the NSCL/P genetic map in the Chinese population and help to implement individualized prophylaxis and treatment. Future efforts will focus on identifying functional variants, investigating pathways and other interactions, and including phenotypic and ethnic diversity in research.
  
  Key words: cleft lip, cleft palate, craniofacial abnormalities, genetics
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(1):11–20; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2752695
- Emerging Role of High Glucose Levels in Cancer Progression and Therapy
- Xin Jia CAI, Jian Yun ZHANG, Ao Bo ZHANG, Xuan ZHOU, He Yu ZHANG, Tie Jun LI
- Extensive research has indicated that high glucose levels play an important role in cancer. A high glycaemic index, glycaemic load diet, high sugar intake, high blood glucose and diabetes mellitus all increase the risk of cancer. Various signals are involved in high glucose–induced tumorigenesis, cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and multidrug resistance. Reactive oxygen species might be important targets in cancer progression that are induced by high glucose levels. Drugs such as metformin and resveratrol may inhibit high glucose–induced cancer. As the impact of high glucose levels on cancer progression and therapy is a novel finding, further research is required.
  
  Key words: cancer, high glucose, progression, therapy, tumorigenesis
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(1):67–73; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2752707
- Management of Separated Instruments Extruded into the Maxillary Sinus and Soft Tissue: a Case Series
- Qian LIAO, Zi Meng HAN, Ru ZHANG, Ben Xiang HOU
- Extrusion of separated endodontic instruments is a frustrating complication that can occur during root canal treatment and is difficult to handle. This report aimed to introduce different methods to retrieve such separated instruments through three cases with different locations of fragments. Fragments extruded completely into the maxillary sinus, partially into the maxillary sinus and lying in the soft tissue were retrieved using a lateral window approach, ultrasonic method and minimally invasive surgery, respectively. These methods can be recommended for retrieving fragments in certain cases.
  
  Key words: lateral wall approach, maxillary sinus, separated instrument, soft tissue, ultrasonic technique
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(1):29–36; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2752709
- Microspheres and their Potential in Endodontic Regeneration Application
- Ting YANG, Li XIE, Rui Tao ZHANG, Wei Dong TIAN
- Microspheres have been widely utilised as versatile carriers in biomedical applications. In recent years, as a new type of injectable scaffold, microspheres have attracted increasing attention in the field of regenerative medicine owing to their various advantages including their small size, large specific surface area and mimicry of the 3D native environment. These characteristics enable them to adopt the narrow and irregular anatomy of the tooth and
  become an ideal scaffold for endodontic regeneration. Microspheres play an important role in carrying biologics (cells, biomolecules and drugs), which effectively regulate the fate of stem cells and control the release of growth factors and drugs. Cell-laden microspheres, which can be divided into microcarriers and microcapsules, have great application prospects in dental pulp regeneration. This paper summarises the properties and characteristics of microsphere scaffolds used in tissue engineering, placing emphasis on their advantages and applications in endodontic regeneration.
  
  Key words: dental pulp, endodontic regeneration, microcapsules, microcarriers, microspheres
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- Chin J Dent Res. 2022;25(1):9. doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b2812805
- Editorial
- Guang-yan Yu
- 4 February 2022, the “start of spring” day, the first of the 24 solar terms of the year and also part of the Chinese New Year festival, marked the opening of the XXIV Winter Olympic Games (Beijing 2022). Beijing is now the first city to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics. These events are great opportunities for athletes and sports fans from all over the world to meet. We hope the pandemic will end soon, that the world will return to normal, and that we will work “together for a shared future”.
  For our journal, with great support and cooperation from Berlin, London and Beijing, we have continued to work smoothly over the past year. We have welcomed 14 new members, who are renowned international scholars, to our editorial board. We would like to thank them for their support and contribution!
  In this issue, I would like to recommend several articles. The first of these is “Emerging role of high glucose levels in cancer progression and therapy” contributed by Dr Cai et al, members of Prof Tie Jun Li’s team from Peking University School of Stomatology. The article offers a comprehensive review of this broad topic. Extensive research has indicated that high glucose plays an important role in the development and progression of cancer. As a novel finding in cancer progression and therapy, high glucose needs to be studied further, and I think this article may offer a new perspective for readers who work in cancer research.
  There are also two other reviews. The first of these is “Exploration of genetic variants of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate and underlying mechanisms” by Prof Lin Wang’s team at the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University. They performed functional studies on related loci and genes by using molecular biology, cell biology, animal models and other methods, which provide a basis for the construction of the NSCL/P genetic map in the Chinese population and help to implement individualized prophylaxis and treatment. The second is contributed by Prof Tian’s group at the West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, entitled “Microspheres and their potential in endodontic regeneration application”, which summarises the properties and characteristics of microsphere scaffold used in tissue engineering, placing emphasis on their advantages and applications in endodontic regeneration.
  The systematic review on “Accuracy of mandibular reconstruction with a vascularised Iliac flap using 3D templates” and systematic review and meta-analysis “Relationship between presence of third molars and prevalence of periodontal pathology of adjacent second molars”, from Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, and School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, respectively, are sure to be helpful to clinicians in their practice. There is also a research article on “Near infrared laser photobiomodulation of periodontal ligament stem cells” from the School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and a case report on “Management of separated instruments extruded into the maxillary sinus and soft tissue” from the School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, China that are worthy of your attention.
  I wish you a very happy, healthy and successful new year!
  
  Prof Guang-yan Yu
  Editor-in-chief
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