Chinese Journal of Dental Research

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Current Issue Online First Top Cited
Current Issue
- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):251–259; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628105
- Status Quo and Advanced Progress in Oral Health Care and Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review
- Lu GAO, Xue Nan LIU
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has become one of the fastest growing diseases in the world, causing a great burden to ASD children’s families and society. Children with ASD face more disadvantages relating to their oral health than those without ASD. There is a positive correlation between prevalence of caries lesions and severity of ASD. Poorer oral hygiene, higher detection rates of dental calculus and far more frequent cases of gingivitis occur in children with ASD. Traumatic injuries and various types of malocclusions are more frequent in children
  with ASD. Poorer oral health care and treatment status are caused by multiple adverse factors. Ways of promoting effective oral health care and treatment include pretreatment counselling; improvement of the individualised treatment environment; routine behaviour guidance techniques (BGTs) including tellshowdo, distraction, role model presentation, voice control, visual education and social stories, encouragement and reinforcement; targeted BGTs including visual education, behaviour modelling, applied behaviour analysis (ABA) and systematic desensitisation; passive BGTs including protective restraint, pharmaceutically administrated sedation and general anaesthesia; oral health education for guardians; and interdisciplinary collaboration and professional dental care/treatment. Dentists, families with children with ASD and schools should cooperate to improve familycentred
  oral health care and treatment for ASD children not only in China, but also the whole world.
  
  Key words: autism spectrum disorder, behaviour management, children, oral health care, promotion
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):261–267; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628117
- Sappanone A Aggrandises Ionising Radiation–induced Damage in Oral Epithelial Cells
- Xue Feng ZHAO, Zhi Yong WANG, Xue Mei QIU, Hang ZHAO, Rui LIU, Qian Ming CHEN
- Objective: To analyse the role played by Sappanone A, a bioactive ingredient isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan, in the regulation of oral epithelial cell viability under radiation.
  Methods: Cell viability of human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) and mouse salivary gland cells under ionising radiation was analysed. Expression of Ki67 was measured by immunohistochemical staining. Fragmentation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was measured by comet assay. Cell death was analysed using trypan blue exclusion assay. Cell viability was measured using a Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) assay.
  Results: Sappanone A decreased cell viability of HOK cells and mouse salivary gland cells under ionizing radiation. In addition, Sappanone A enhanced radiation-induced genomic DNA fragmentation, accompanied by impaired homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining DNA repair. Mechanistic evaluation revealed that Sappanone A counteracted radiation-induced inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) activation, and that this effect could be abolished by reconstituted expression of a Sappanone A-binding defective IMPDH2 mutant.
  Conclusion: The present study highlights a novel role played by Sappanone A in the modulation of radiosensitivity of oral epithelial cells.
  
  Key words: DNA repair, ionising radiation, oral epithelial cell, Sappanone A
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):268; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628123
- Comments on “Sappanone A Aggrandises Ionising Radiation–induced Damage in Oral Epithelial Cells”
- De Meng CHEN
- Radiation-induced oral mucosal disorders and injuries are major complications for patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy. They are either reversible or permanent, and include oral mucositis, xerostomia, bacterial or fungal infection, taste dysfunction, sensory disorders and oral mucosal fibrosis. Among these, radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) is the most common complication observed in approximately 80% of patients who undergo head and neck radiotherapy. RIOM is a form of acute inflammation that arises within the first 2 to 3 weeks after radiotherapy and is characterized by hyperaemia and redness of the oral mucosa, which can eventually progress to oral ulcers with a pseudomembrane. Patients may suffer from extreme pain when speaking and swallowing, leading to decreased food intake, significant weight loss and malnutrition, thus influencing their subsequent radiotherapy.
  Traditional Chinese medicine plays an increasingly active role in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced oral mucosal injuries. Many studies have demonstrated that traditional Chinese medicine can reduce the incidence of oral mucositis effectively and alleviate related symptoms such as xerostomia and pain, thus improving patients’ prognosis. As a widely distributed medicinal material, Caesalpinia sappan (CS) processes anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and shows potential value in the treatment of multiple inflammatory
  disorders.
  In the article “Sappanone A aggrandises ionising radiation–induced damage in oral epithelial cells”, Zhao et al report that Sappanone A, isolated from the heartwood of CS, has destructive effects on the viability of oral epithelial cells, accentuating ionising radiation–induced DNA damage. Sappanone A targets and suppresses inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2, a rate-limiting enzyme in nucleotide synthesis, leading to delayed DNA repair under radiation. These discoveries have deepened our understanding of the role of CS in regulating cell radiosensitivity, which will assist future pharmaceutical developments for treating RIOM.
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):269–275; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628171
- MiR-146a-5p Promotes Dental Stem Cells Osteo/odontogenic Differentiation through NF-Kappa B Signaling Pathway by Targeting TRAF6
- Xin YU, Jian Feng LU, Mei Qin GAO, Bin XIONG, Wen Qian XIA
- Objective: To screen miRNAs that could simultaneously regulate osteo/odontogenic differentiation of multiple stem cells, including dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs).
  Methods: Differentially expressed miRNAs analysis on three miRNA microarrays data of dental stem cells undergoing osteo/odontogenic differentiation (GSE138180, GSE154466 and GSE159508) was performed, and miR-146a-5p were identified by bioinformatic prediction, dual-luciferase reporter assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, differentially expressed genes between miR-146a-5p overexpressed group and control group (GSE79341) were applied for KEGG pathways enrichment analysis.
  Results: MiR-146a-5p expression increased in the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs, SCAPs and PDLSCs. Tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was identified as the target gene of miR-146a-5p. Furthermore, miR-146a-5p could influence the NF-Kappa B signalling pathway.
  Conclusion: This study suggests that miR-146a-5p could promote differentiation in multiple dental stem cells through the NF-Kappa B signalling pathway by targeting TRAF6.
  
  Key words: dental stem cells, miR-146a-5p, NF-Kappa B signalling pathway, osteo/odontogenic differentiation, TRAF6
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):277–284; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628177
- Correlation Analysis between Self-perceived Oral Health and Self-perceived General Health among Adults in China
- Yi Zhen YU, Shuo DU, Min DING, Zhi Ying CUI, Yi LIU, Yan SI
- Objective: To analyse the correlation between self-perceived oral health (SPOH) and selfperceived general health (SPGH) and the influencing factors.
  Methods: In this study, we collected sociodemographic information and details about SPOH and SPGH status for Chinese adults (≥ 18 years), and a total of 2233 people were included. The data were analysed using SPSS software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) with a chi-square test and binary logistic regression.
  Results: In total, 43.4% of adults' self-perceived oral health was at a "good" level and 57.9% of adults' self-perceived general health was at a "good" level. The SPOH was correlated with SPGH (r = 0.593, P < 0.001). Good SPOH was associated with younger age, no dentures, no smoking, brushing teeth twice or more a day, periodontal health, no malocclusion and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) ≤ 12. Good SPGH was associated with younger age, higher educational level, no dentures, no smoking, brushing teeth twice or more a day, periodontal health, no malocclusion and DMFT ≤ 12.
  Conclusion: SPOH and SPGH are correlated with each other, and greater attention should be paid to oral health to promote general health.
  
  Key words: adults, China, correlation, general health, oral health
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):285–291; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628195
- Expressions of GLUT-1, PK-M2 and HIF-1α and Mutation Status of BRAF in Odontogenic Keratocysts
- Zhu YOU, Jing DU, Li Li XU, He Yu ZHANG, Xue Fen LI, Zhi Peng SUN, Li Sha SUN
- Objective: To investigate the expressions and clinicopathological features of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), pyruvate kinase M2 (PK-M2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), and to investigate the mutation status of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF).
  Methods: Following a retrospective review of the clinicopathological data of 28 OKC cases, the expressions of GLUT-1, PK-M2 and HIF-1α in these tissue samples were detected through immunohistochemistry. The BRAF mutation statuses of all cases were examined using polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing.
  Results: The expression levels of HIF-1α varied in 96.4% of OKC tissues, and there were higher positive rates of PKM2 (100%) and GLUT-1 (100%) in these tissues. None of the 28 OKC samples carried the BRAF mutation.
  Conclusion: The positive expressions of GLUT-1, PK-M2 and HIF-1α indicate that patients with OKCs undergo anaerobic glycolysis to a certain extent, but these processes appear to be irrelevant to clinicopathological features and to the BRAF mutation.
  
  Key words: BRAF gene, GLUT-1, HIF-1α, odontogenic keratocyst, PK-M2
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):293–299; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628215
- Prefabricating Implant-supported Interim Prosthesis from CBCT Scans: a Case Report of Digital Immediate Implant Restoration
- Hong Ye YANG, Aihemaiti MUHETAER, Ya Ke WANG, Cui HUANG
- This clinical report describes the immediate implant placement and restoration for a 47-yearold woman with a protruded and loose maxillary right central incisor. The treatment included minimally invasive extraction, flapless immediate implant placement using a fully guided surgical template, and immediate implant-supported provisionalisation. The interim anatomical prosthesis was fabricated in advance based on preoperative CBCT scans, and the digital technique made it possible to integrate data precisely from different sources. After 6 months of provisionalisation, satisfactory gingival aesthetic and functional improvements were achieved, followed by a definitive screw-retained zirconia restoration. Thus, application of a complete digital workflow could reduce chairside time and create an optimal emergence profile that matches the residual bone architecture of the extraction sites with minimal interference.
  
  Key words: aesthetic restoration, anterior teeth, digital dentistry, flapless surgery, immediate implant
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- Chin J Dent Res 2022;25(4):301–310; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.b3628219
- Orthodontic and Orthognathic Treatment Combined with Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion in an Adult Patient with a Hyperdivergent Skeletal Pattern
- Yi Neng HAN, Hao LIU, Zi Li LI, Yi Ping HUANG, Wei Ran LI
- In this case study, we report the successful treatment of a 35-year-old woman with a hyperdivergent skeletal pattern, open bite and severe transverse deficiency, exhibiting a skeletal Class III malocclusion. The treatment plan included 3D correction of these issues with surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) to solve the transverse deficiency, presurgical orthodontic treatment including aligning and levelling of the teeth in both arches, LeFort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy, and postsurgical correction of malocclusion. Orthodontic treatment was performed with labial brackets, and the patient achieved satisfactory occlusion and a significantly improved facial profile. Retention at the 1-year follow-up showed stable occlusion and arch forms with a harmonious facial profile.
  
  Key words: hyperdivergent skeletal pattern, open bite, orthodontic-surgical treatment, surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion, transverse deficiency
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- Next
Online First
- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23. Online March 3, 2020. doi:
- Expert Recommendations for Prevention, Treatment and Care of Oral Ulcers and other Mucosal Diseases during the Outbreak of COVID-19
- Society of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Chinese Stomatological Association
- In December 2019, some new cases of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) were found in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The number of infected cases increased rapidly and spread continuously at home and abroad. Tens of thousands of medical staff throughout the country have rushed to Wuhan to invest in intensive medical treatment. Because of high mental tension and work intensity, unable to drink water for hours after entering the isolation ward and insufficient sleep, they might suffer from oral mucosal ulcers and other oral mucosal diseases. It is known that not only medical staff, but also police officers, community workers, long-term family members, and even patients with mild COVID-19, as well as those with oral mucosal disease in the past, all claim they feel uncomfortable with oral mucosal disorders, such as oral ulcer caused by great mental pressure, which mainly include recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), chronic cheilitis and oral lichen planus. This article will give some suggestions on the prevention and care of the oral mucosal diseases above mentioned during fighting against COVID-19, focusing on the measures to deal with the oral mucosal damage caused by stress response.
  
  Key words: coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), recurrent aphthous ulcer, cheilitis, oral lichen planus, stress response
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23. Online March 4, 2020. doi:
- The Guidelines on Prevention and Disease Control in Dental Practice during the Outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019
- Stomatological Healthcare Service Branch of Chinese Stomatological Association
- The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has spread throughout the country, seriously jeopardizing people's health. The National Health Commission and regional health administration departments have issued regulations on the prevention and control of COVID-2019. There are many invasive treatments in dental practice, differentiating it from other medical practice. The following guidelines were made by experts from Stomatological Healthcare Service Branch of Chinese Stomatological Association in an effort to prevent COVID-2019 outbreak in dental clinics. The Guideline is in accordance of relevant laws and documents from health administration department, from the technical level in combination with the characteristics of professional dental treatment. Dental institutions at all levels can consider using these suggestions as a reference, on the basis of the local epidemic and its actual situation, while enforcing the regulations of national and regional healthcare administration department. It is anticipated to be helpful to various dental institutions for the epidemic prevention.
  
  Key words: corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), oral management, nosocomial infection prevention and control
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):11–25; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44332
- Roles of Proteoglycans in the Tumourigenesis and Development of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma and Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Salivary Gland: A Systematic Review
- Guan Hua ZHANG, Ye Hua GAN
- Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and pleomorphic adenoma (PA) are the most common types of salivary gland tumours; the former is malignant and the latter is benign but with features of a border tumour. Proteoglycans (PGs) produced by neoplastic myoepithelial cells are ubiquitous in both types of tumours. However, normal myoepithelial cells of salivary glands do not have the ability to secrete PGs. When the synthesis of PGs is blocked, the pulmonary metastasis and perineural growth of salivary ACC as well as the implanting growth of salivary PA are inhibited, highlighting the important functions of PGs in the tumourigenesis and development of these two tumours. In this review, we summarise literature from the past 40 years, including more recent findings from our laboratory, to clarify the pivotal roles of PGs produced by neoplastic myoepithelial cells in both the histogenesis and biological behaviours of ACC and PA.
  
  Key words: adenoid cystic carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma, proteoglycans, RNA interference, xylosyltransferases
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):27–32; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44333
- Expert Consensus on Procedures and Operations of Navigationguided Needle Biopsy Techniques for Skull Base Tumours
- Jing WANG, Chuan Bin GUO, Jian Hua ZHU, Yu Xing GUO, Guang Yan YU, Yang HE, Wen Bo ZHANG, Yi ZHANG, Xin PENG, Xiao Jing LIU, Yan Pu LIU, Xiao Ming GU, Wei Dong TIAN, Li LU, Zu Bing LI, Shi Lei ZHANG, Guo Fang SHEN, Sheng De BAO, Tie Jun LI, Kai Yuan FU; Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association
- Skull base surgery is an interdisciplinary subject. The anatomical structures in the skull base related to oral and maxillofacial surgery include the parapharyngeal space, the pterygopalatine fossa and the infratemporal space. This operative area is one of the most challenging surgical areas in oral and maxillofacial surgery due to its deep site, complex anatomy and high risk. Obtaining pathological information of the tumour preoperatively may help surgeons optimise their treatment plan. Needle biopsy is one of the major minimally invasive techniques that allows preoperative pathological results to be obtained. The navigation technology, which is developing rapidly nowadays, provides a reliable assistance for deep tissue biopsy surgery. Experts from the Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association formulated an expert consensus on the procedures and operations of navigation-guided needle biopsy techniques for skull base tumours, so as to standardise and promote the application and operation of navigation-guided needle biopsy for skull base tumours.
  
  Key words: skull base tumour, biopsy, surgical navigation, expert consensus
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):33–42; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44334
- Expert Consensus for the Treatment Algorithm for Navigationassisted Reconstruction of Maxillofacial Deformities
- Wen Bo ZHANG, Xin PENG, Yao YU, Yang WANG, Xiao Jing LIU, Yan Pu LIU, Zu Bing LI, Li LU, Wei Dong TIAN, Guo Fang SHEN, Shi Lei ZHANG, Xiao Ming GU, Min HU, Chen Ping ZHANG, Chuan Bin GUO, Guang Yan YU; Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association
- Deformities of the maxillofacial region following trauma and ablative surgery are devastating and not uncommon. Reconstruction of such defects is a surgically challenging procedure. Conventionally, reconstruction of dental arch defects lacks preoperative customised planning and relies heavily on the surgeon experience to ensure optimum surgical outcomes. The restoration of the dental arch shape and function has taken precedence after an extensive tumour resection surgery, especially in the current age of technological advancement. Thus, personalized and accurate reconstruction of dental arch defects has become a new goal. Computer-assisted surgery, especially navigation-assisted surgery, has gained popularity of late, in reconstructing deformities and restoring facial symmetry, appearance and function in the maxillofacial region. This technology provides a clearer three-dimensional visualisation of the area of interest and its relationship with the adjacent vital structures. Together with preoperative virtual surgical planning, it allows more specific and accurate osteotomies, thus reducing the ischemia and total operating times substantially. The risk of complications is also minimized whilst improving the final surgical outcomes. The use of the intraoperative navigation system and other computer-assisted surgical techniques during surgery can significantly improve the precision of the reconstruction of dental arch deformities, and achieve personalised and functional reconstructive goals while enhancing the quality of life of patients postoperatively. The Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association provides the present professional perspective and treatment protocol for navigation-guided reconstruction of dental arch defects, to allow standardisation of the technique while promoting its application among oral and maxillofacial surgeons.
  
  Key words: bone remodelling, jaw defect, reconstruction, navigation technique, digital surgery, expert consensus
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):45–50; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44335
- Expert Consensus on Navigation-guided Unilateral Delayed Zygomatic Fracture Reconstruction Techniques
- Yang HE, Yi ZHANG, Guang Yan YU, Chuan Bin GUO, Guo Fang SHEN, Xin PENG, Xiao Jing LIU, Jing WANG, Wen Bo ZHANG, Yan Pu LIU, Xiao Ming GU, Wei Dong TIAN, Li LU, Zu Bing LI, Shi Lei ZHANG; Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association
- The zygoma is located in the medial and lateral parts of the face, supporting the midfacial contour. The forward projection of the zygoma and the zygomatic arch often expose them to injury. Fractures of the zygoma can lead to the displacement of the zygoma and the zygomatic arch, causing facial collapse deformity. For delayed zygomatic fractures, the loss of normal anatomical landmarks caused by the malunion of the fracture lines and remodelling of the bony contour makes it difficult to determine the correct positions of the zygomatic bones. In such cases, ideal and steady outcomes with satisfactory midface symmetry have been difficult to obtain using traditional surgical methods. Nowadays, the application of digital surgical software and surgical navigation helps surgeons to perform accurate preoperative simulations to obtain ideal three-dimensional virtual surgical plans and achieve accurate reduction by intraoperative navigation systems, which increase the accuracy and predictability of fracture reduction outcomes. Experts from the Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association have fully discussed and formulated an expert consensus on navigation-guided unilateral delayed zygomatic fracture reconstruction techniques to standardize the clinical operation procedures and promote the application.
  
  Key words: delayed zygomatic fractures, digital navigation, unilateral
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):51–55; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44336
- Expert Consensus on Navigation-guided Unilateral Orbital Fracture and Orbital Floor Reconstruction Techniques
- Yang HE, Yi ZHANG, Guang Yan YU, Chuan Bin GUO, Guo Fang SHEN, Xin PENG, Xiao Jing LIU, Jing WANG, Wen Bo ZHANG, Yan Pu LIU, Xiao Ming GU, Wei Dong TIAN, Li LU, Zu Bing LI, Shi Lei ZHANG; Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association
- Orbital fracture and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is characterised by limited surgical exposure and high risks. Before the advent of digital technology, the design and implementation of the surgical scheme for orbital floor reconstruction surgery mainly depended on the intuitive understanding of imaging and the clinical experience of surgeons, with strong unpredictability and experience dependence. Surgical navigation systems with real-time positioning and imaging functions, when used in orbital reconstruction surgery, can detect the real-time intraoperative position, avoid risks, and assist in locating the reconstruction position to ensure the accuracy of orbital reconstruction, with the help of a preoperative surgical plan. Many studies have confirmed its effect. Unilateral orbital fracture and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is one of the earliest and most widely used surgical techniques in maxillofacial surgery. Experts from the Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association have fully discussed and formulated this expert consensus on navigation-guided unilateral orbital fracture and orbital floor reconstruction techniques to standardise the clinical surgical procedures and promote its application.
  
  Key words: navigation technique, orbit fractures, unilateral
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):63–69; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44337
- Effects of Different Polishing Protocols and Curing Time on Surface Properties of a Bulk-fill Composite Resin
- Lippo LASSILA, Airald DUPONT, Karri LAHTINEN, Pekka K. VALLITTU, Sufyan GAROUSHI
- Objective: To determine the effects of different polishing protocols and curing times on the surface roughness (SR), surface gloss (SG) and surface hardness (SH) of a bulk-fill composite resin (BCR).
  Methods: A total of 30 block-shaped specimens (40 mm long × 10 mm wide × 2 mm thick) were made from Filtek Bulk-Fill composite resin and divided into two groups (n = 15) according to curing time (10 and 40 seconds). Each group was subdivided into five groups (n = 3) according to the polishing protocol: laboratory polishing with different silicon paper grits (G1:1200) → (G2:2400) → (G3:4000). Chairside polishing was performed using a series of Sof-Lex spiral (G4) and Jiffy Polisher (G5) points. The SR was measured by a surface profilometer. A Vickers indenter was used to test the SH, and a glossmeter was used to determine the SG at 60 degrees. The SR, SG and SH were quantified before and after polishing. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation was then performed.
  Results: The curing time did not affect the surface properties of the BCR (P > 0.05). Significant differences in SR (ranging from 0.1 to 2 μm) and SG (ranging from 20 to 90 GU [gloss unit]) were found according to the type of polishing protocol (P < 0.05). The SH values following different polishing protocols were significantly higher (ranging from 82 to 95 VH [Vickers hardness]) than the polishing values obtained before the polishing protocols (P < 0.05).
  Conclusion: The tested chairside polishing protocols presented lower SG and higher SR values than the laboratory polishing protocols.
  
  Key words: bulk-fill composite resin, curing time, polishing protocol, surface properties
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):71–76; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44338
- Endoscope-assisted Surgery in the Treatment of Dentigerous Cyst Involving the Maxillary Sinus – Report of Two Cases
- Shi Hao LI, Yan WANG, Zi Xian HUANG, Ting Ting JIN, Zhi Quan HUANG
- Endoscopic techniques have been applied to oral and maxillofacial surgeries. Previous studies have proved their practicability in the treatment of osteomyelitis of the mandible and displaced residual roots in the maxillary sinus. In this report, two patients with dentigerous cysts in the maxillary sinus underwent endoscope-assisted curettage. Both patients were successfully cured without recurrent lesions or any complications. The follow-up found that the bone cavities had shrunk. An endoscope-assisted Caldwell-Luc operation provided clear visibility of the surgical field and preserved the mucosa of the maxillary sinus.
  
  Key words: Caldwell-Luc operation, dentigerous cyst, endoscopic-assisted surgery, maxillary sinus
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):57–62; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44339
- Experience of Diagnosis and Management of Patients in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery during the Prevention and Control Period of the New Coronavirus Pneumonia
- Yue YANG, Hui Yuh SOH, Zhi Gang CAI, Xin PENG, Yi ZHANG, Chuan Bin GUO
- The newly emerged coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) which was first identified in China in December 2019. It is a highly contagious infection that can spread from person to person through close contact and respiratory droplets. The healthcare personnel of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery are especially vulnerable to the infection due to their extensive and close exposure to patients’ oral and nasal cavities and secretions. As one of the busiest specialised hospitals in the world, the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology summarised the experience with disease prevention and control and clinical recommendations on the examination, diagnosis and treatment processes, clinical management, healthcare personnel protection and disinfection amid the continued spread of the pandemic.
  
  Key words: diagnosis and treatment process, new coronavirus, oral and maxillofacial surgery, protection
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- Next
Top Cited
- Chin J Dent Res 2017;20(1):43–51; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a37741
- Salivary IgA, Interleukin-1β and MMP-8 as Salivary Biomarkers in Chronic Periodontitis Patients
- Vanik RANGBULLA, Ashutosh NIROLA, Madhu GUPTA, Priyanka BATRA, Mili GUPTA
- Objective: To compare the clinical parameters and levels of salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis and in individuals with healthy gingiva.
  Methods: Levels of clinical parameters plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) along with salivary biomarkers salivary IgA, IL-1β and MMP-8 were recorded among 50 adults (30 test subjects with moderate to severe generalised chronic periodontitis, constituting group A, and 20 periodontally healthy controls – group B). Clinical evaluation was done before oral prophylaxis, and 6 weeks and 12 weeks after oral prophylaxis, and saliva samples were obtained before and 12 weeks after oral prophylaxis. Salivary IgA, IL-1β and MMP-8 levels in saliva were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  Results: In group A, there were highly significant differences in terms of PI, GI, PD, CAL and BOP before oral prophylaxis, and 6 weeks and 12 weeks after oral prophylaxis when compared at these intervals. Differences in their levels in group B were non-significant at such intervals except PI. Mean levels of salivary IgA, IL-1β and MMP-8 in chronic periodontitis patients at baseline were significantly higher than in the periodontally healthy group. Their levels in group A decreased significantly 12 weeks after oral prophylaxis, but remained static in group B.
  Conclusion: The levels of salivary IgA, IL-1β and MMP-8 showed significant reduction after oral prophylaxis, suggesting that these biomarkers could facilitate the screening, early diagnosis, and management of periodontal disease.
  
  Key words: chronic periodontitis, saliva, biomarker, diagnosis, ELISA
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- Chin J Dent Res 2017;20(2):97–104; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a38274
- Risk Factors associated with Early Childhood Caries
- Hui Bin SUN, Wei ZHANG, Xiao Bin ZHOU
- Objective: To analyse factors associated with the susceptibility of early childhood caries (ECC), populations with a high risk of ECC were screened and guidance for ECC prevention was proposed.
  Methods: A total of 392 children aged 24 to 71 months were selected for oral examination in Qingdao. Parents or guardians of the participants completed the questionnaires and decayed missing filled surface (dmfs) were recorded. Differences in caries condition and oral health behaviour in different families were compared. Risk factors related to ECC were screened. The subjects were finally grouped based on the obtained dmfs into three groups: caries-free, ECC and S-ECC (severe ECC). Association of risk factors with the caries status was analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.
  Results: There were significant differences among the caries-free, ECC and S-ECC groups in three parameters: eating too many sweets each day, brushing before and after sleeping, and whether parents helped to brush (P < 0.01). Combined factors such as the parents’ level of education, oral health knowledge, attitudes, the family’s annual income, the age of children when they start to brush and not brushing regularly were also significantly related to ECC (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the three groups for these factors, including birth condition and nursing state, physical condition of the mother during pregnancy, feeding situation, if a pacifier was used during sleep, duration of brushing, frequency of mouth rinsing after meals each day and brushing with fluoride toothpaste (P > 0.05).
  Conclusion: Eating a lot of sweets, an incorrect brushing method, starting brushing at a later stage and not brushing regularly are susceptible factors for ECC. Emphasising oral health knowledge to parents and guardians, conducting proper brushing methods, limiting the frequency of sweets being eaten and avoiding an inappropriate habit of eating sweets are very important factors in the prevention of ECC.
  
  Key words: children, decayed missing filled surface (dmfs), early childhood caries (ECC), prevalence, susceptibility
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- Chin J Dent Res 2018;21(1):9–19; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a39914
- Understanding of Burning Mouth Syndrome Based on Psychological Aspects
- Moon-Jong KIM, Hong-Seop KHO
- Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition characterised by a persistent burning sensation in clinically normal oral mucosa. BMS most commonly occurs in middleaged and elderly women. Various local and systemic factors can cause oral burning symptoms.When all possible local and systemic factors are excluded, burning mouth symptoms can be diagnosed as BMS. Psychophysical tests and histopathological data suggest the involvement of peripheral and central neuropathic mechanisms in BMS etiopathogenesis. Psychological problems are frequently observed in BMS patients. Several mechanisms, including increased parafunctional habits, steroid dysregulation, central disinhibition due to taste dysfunction, and low dopamine levels in the brain, have been proposed as an explanation for the role of psychological factors in BMS pathophysiology. However, the causal relationship between BMS and psychological problems remains controversial. Given the neuropathic nature of BMS, treatment for it is similar to other neuropathic pain conditions. Although various treatment modalities, including pharmacological intervention, behavioural therapy and psychotherapy, have been proposed, there is no definitive treatment always effective for the majority of BMS patients. In conclusion, for better understanding of the relationship between BMS and psychological factors, well-designed prospective studies are needed. In addition, the evaluation and treatment of psychological problems are essential for successful management of BMS patients.
  
  Key words: burning mouth syndrome, pathophysiology, psychological factors
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- Chin J Dent Res 2018;21(3):167–179; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a41076
- Dental Caries Status and its Associated Factors among 3- to 5-year-old Children in China: A National Survey
- Min Quan DU, Zhen LI, Han JIANG, Xing WANG, Xi Ping FENG, De Yu HU, Huan Cai LIN, Bo WANG, Yan SI, Chun Xiao WANG, Shu Guo ZHENG, Xue Nan LIU, Wen Sheng RONG, Wei Jian WANG, Bao Jun TAI
- Objective: To investigate the prevalence and severity of dental caries among pre-school children in China as part of the 4th National Oral Health Survey.
  Methods: The sampling process was conducted with a multistage stratified cluster method. A total of 40,360 children aged between 3 and 5 years were recruited for this study. Each participant was clinically assessed according to the 5th edition of the oral health survey’s basic methods recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and their parents or grandparents completed a questionnaire at a face-to-face interview. The status of dental caries was shown in the form of the mean dmft and the prevalence of dental caries. The logistic regression analysis was performed to study the relationships between the prevalence of dental caries and the selected variables.
  Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 50.8%, 63.6% and 71.9% for 3-, 4- and 5-yearolds, respectively. The mean dmft was 2.28, 3.40 and 4.24, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that children who were mixed-fed had a higher chance of staying free of dental caries; children who had dessert before going to bed were associated with a higher probability of caries.
  Conclusion: The status of dental caries among preschool children in China is on the increase. The preschoolers’ dental caries status related to their breastfeeding conditions within the first 6 months of life and their snacking habits.
  
  Key words: China, dental caries, preschool children, epidemiology, the 4th National Oral Health Survey
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- Chin J Dent Res 2018;21(3):161–165; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a41079
- The 4th National Oral Health Survey in the Mainland of China: Background and Methodology
- Hai Xia LU, Dan Ying TAO, Edward Chin Man LO, Rui LI, Xing WANG, Bao Jun TAI, De Yu HU, Huan Cai LIN, Bo WANG, Yan SI, Chun Xiao WANG, Shu Guo ZHENG, Xue Nan LIU, Wen Sheng RONG, Wei Jian WANG, Xi Ping FENG
- Oral disease patterns change over time and it is important to conduct epidemiological surveillance population surveys regularly to monitor the situation. The overall objectives of the present survey were: (1) to describe the oral health status of Chinese children and adults in the 2015–2016 4th National Oral Health Survey; (2) to investigate the oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among children and adults; (3) to explore the association among sociodemographic characteristics, oral health behaviours, and the oral health status of Chinese children and adults. A national oral health survey was conducted among a representative sample of Chinese children and adults. Local residents from the five age groups – 3 to 5 years, 12 to 15 years, 35 to 44 years, 55 to 64 years, and 65 to 74 years – were selected. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was adopted for the identification of participants. All 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of the mainland of China were included. All participants were clinically examined and information on their oral health status, including oral mucosal lesions, dental caries experience, periodontal health status, dental fluorosis, and dental prosthesis status, was collected according to the procedures and criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). A calibration training programme and quality control procedures were conducted to ensure the reliability of the findings. Information on sociodemographic background, oral health behaviours, knowledge and attitude was also collected from all five age groups through a questionnaire survey.
  
  Key words: China, epidemiology, methodology, the 4th National Oral Health Survey
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- Chin J Dent Res 2018;21(3):181–193; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a41080
- Permanent Teeth Caries Status of 12- to 15-year-olds in China: Findings from the 4th National Oral Health Survey
- Jun Kang QUAN, Xiao Zhe WANG, Xiang Yu SUN, Chao YUAN, Xue Nan LIU, Xing WANG, Xi Ping FENG, Bao Jun TAI, De Yu HU, Huan Cai LIN, Bo WANG, Yan SI, Chun Xiao WANG, Wei Jian WANG, Wen Sheng RONG, Shu Guo ZHENG
- Objective: To investigate the dental caries status of teenagers in China by means of analyzing national data from the 4th National Oral Health Survey of China.
  Methods: Data for 12- to 15-year-olds participated in the 4th National Oral Health Survey of China were used for statistical analysis. Children who were recruited in the survey completed a dental examination and filled in a questionnaire. Social demographic factors, oral hygiene behaviours, sugar consumption habits, status of dental service utilisation, and pit-and-fissure sealant history were compared between adolescents with caries experiences and those without. For decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) and each of its components, mean values were statistically tested to see if significance existed between or among different categories of all involved variables.
  Results: In total, data from 27,821, 30,961, 30,691 and 29,128 Chinese 12-, 13-, 14-, and 15-year-olds respectively, were analysed. Social demographic factors, sugar consumption and dental service utilisation showed statistical significance when compared between those with and without dental caries experience in the 12- and 15-year-old groups. Certain categories of these factors above also had important influence on the mean value of the number of decayed teeth (DT), filled teeth (FT) and DMFT, and they might be potential determinants of dental caries experience of permanent teeth for teenagers.
  Conclusion: Dental caries in 12- and 15-year-old Chinese adolescents was impacted by certain social demographic and dental behavioural factors, which could provide some implications for policy makers and dental public health professionals when attempting to enhance oral health status for those teenagers in the early stages of permanent dentition.
  
  Key words: adolescents, dental caries, dental behaviour, social demographic factor, the 4^th National Oral Health Survey
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- Chin J Dent Res 2019;22(1):21–28; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a41771
- Clinical Efficiency and Patient Preference of Immediate Digital Impression after Implant Placement for Single Implant-Supported Crown
- Dan Ni GUO, Yu Shu LIU, Shao Xia PAN, Peng Fei WANG, Bing WANG, Jian Zhang LIU, Wen Hui GAO, Yong Sheng ZHOU
- Objective: To evaluate the time efficiency and patient preference of three impression techniques by comparing immediate digital impression performed directly after implantation with regular digital impression and conventional implant impression performed 3 months after implantation.
  Methods: Twenty consecutive patients with a missing single molar or premolar who received implant treatment were recruited into this prospective self-controlled clinical trial. Three different impression techniques were performed after implant surgery on all the participants: An intraoral scanning (IOS) impression performed immediately after implant placement (immediate digital impression) was compared with a regular digital impression and a classic polyether impression (conventional implant impression) performed 3 months after implant surgery. The operating time of each impression technique was recorded. Patients were asked to complete a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire on their perception of the three techniques to describe their satisfaction and preference. Statistical analyses were performed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test.
  Results: The clinical time of the immediate digital impression (10.97 ± 2.1 min) was significantly shorter than that of the conventional implant impression (14.45 ± 3.0 min) (P < 0.05).The mean time of the immediate digital impression (10.97 ± 2.1 min) was statistically the same as that of the regular digital impression (10.23 ± 2.7 min) (P > 0.05). Participants’ subjective evaluation indicated higher satisfaction with the immediate digital impression than with the regular digital impression and the conventional implant impression.
  Conclusion: The immediate digital impression was more efficient than the conventional implant impression and had the same efficiency as the regular digital impression. Among the three impression techniques, the participants showed higher satisfaction with the immediate digital impression.
  
  Key words: impression, digital, dental implant, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
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- Chin J Dent Res 2019;22(2):93–104; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a42513
- Applications of Bioactive Ions in Bone Regeneration
- Si Han LIN, Wen Jie ZHANG, Xin Quan JIANG
- The repair of large bone defects remains a huge challenge for bone regenerative medicine. To meet this challenge, a number of bone substitutes have been developed over recent years to overcome the drawbacks of traditional autograft and allograft therapies. Thus, the improvement of the osteoinductive ability of these substitutes has become a major focus for research in the field of bone tissue engineering. It has been reported that some metallic ions play an important role in bone metabolism in the human body, and that bone repair could be enhanced by incorporating these ions into bone substitutes. Moreover, it is well documented that ions released from these substitutes such as magnesium, zinc, and strontium can increase the osteogenic and angiogenic properties of bone repair scaffolds. However, the mechanisms of action of these ions on cellular bioactivity are currently unclear. Therefore, in the present article, we highlight the recent use of bioactive ions in bone tissue engineering and discuss the effects of these ions on osteogenesis and neovascularisation.
  
  Key words: bioactive ions, bone regeneration, tissue engineering, osteogenesis, angiogenesis
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(1):57–62; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44339
- Experience of Diagnosing and Managing Patients in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery during the Prevention and Control Period of the New Coronavirus Pneumonia
- Yue YANG, Hui Yuh SOH, Zhi Gang CAI, Xin PENG, Yi ZHANG, Chuan Bin GUO
- The newly emerged coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) which was first identified in China in December 2019. It is a highly contagious infection that can spread from person to person through close contact and respiratory droplets. The healthcare personnel of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery are especially vulnerable to the infection due to their extensive and close exposure to patients’ oral and nasal cavities and secretions. As one of the busiest specialised hospitals in the world, the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology summarised the experience with disease prevention and control and clinical recommendations on the examination, diagnosis and treatment processes, clinical management, healthcare personnel protection and disinfection amid the continued spread of the pandemic.
  
  Key words: diagnosis and treatment process, new coronavirus, oral and maxillofacial surgery, protection
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- Chin J Dent Res 2020;23(2):105–107; doi:10.3290/j.cjdr.a44746
- Ventilation in the Dental Clinic: An Effective Measure to Control Droplets and Aerosols during the Coronavirus Pandemic and Beyond
- Lin YUE
- Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that human-to-human transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) most frequently occurs through virus-laden respiratory droplets discharged from infected individuals while coughing and sneezing. Aerosols can act as another potential transmission route. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has advised medical personnel to consider taking ‘airborne precautions’. It is important to protect dentists and patients and reduce the amount of spatter produced during dental procedures. In order to prevent airborne transmission, dental offices should be sufficiently ventilated, with great emphasis placed upon removing bioaerosols.
  
  Key words: aerosol, airborne transmission, disease prevention during dental care, SARSCoV-2, ventilation
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